Space Radiation: Impact on Astronauts and Preventive Measures

Abstract

Space radiation poses a significant threat to astronaut health, making it a critical consideration for long-duration and deep space missions. The harsh space environment, dominated by high-energy galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events, can lead to a range of adverse health effects. These include increased cancer risk due to DNA damage, central nervous system dysfunction, cardiovascular complications, acute radiation sickness, cataract formation, immunosuppression, reproductive system damage, hematopoietic suppression, and accelerated skin aging. As space missions extend beyond low Earth orbit, the cumula- tive exposure to ionizing radiation necessitates robust preventive strategies. This review explores the bio- logical impact of space radiation and evaluates current mitigation efforts, including the use of hydrogen- rich shielding materials, storm shelters, strategic mission planning, and pharmacological interventions such as antioxidants and gene therapy. The integration of engineering, medical, and operational counter- measures is essential to safeguard astronaut health and ensure mission success. Continued research and innovation are vital to address the complex challenges posed by space radiation and to support the future of human space exploration.

Keywords: Space radiation, galactic cosmic rays, gene therapy.