Space Radiation: Impact on Astronauts and Preventive Measures

Abstract

As human space exploration extends beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), astronauts are increasingly exposed to harmful space radiation, which poses a significant threat to their health and mission success. Unlike the Earth’s surface, where the atmosphere and magnetic field offer natural protection, space travelers en- counter high-energy particles from galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar particle events (SPEs), and trapped radiation belts. These particles can cause severe biological damage, including DNA mutations, cancer, cognitive deficits, cardiovascular issues, and ocular degeneration. This review explores the origin and types of space radiation, the associated physiological and genetic risks to astronauts, and evaluates current mitigation strategies such as spacecraft shielding, pharmacological interventions, and mission planning. Additionally, it highlights future preventive measures under development, including active shielding, genomic tools, and advanced materials. Understanding and addressing space radiation risks are vital for the safety and sustainability of long-duration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.