Design and Optimization of Next-Generation Perovskite Solar Cells for Sustainable Energy

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly emerged as a transformative technology in the field of photovoltaics, offering a compelling combination of highpower conversion efficiencies, low-cost fabrication, and tunable optoelectronic properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the design and optimization of PSCs aimed at promoting sustainable energy solutions. Key focus areas include compositional engineering of perovskite materials, interface modification strategies, device architecture innovations, and stability enhancement techniques. The integration of perovskites into tandem solar cells and the development of scalable fabrication methods are also discussed in the context of commercial viability. By addressing current challenges such as material toxicity, environmental stability, and large-scale manufacturing, this review outlines the critical steps needed to transition PSCs from laboratory research to widespread deployment in the global energy market.