Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophage Polarization in Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Abstract: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment and play a dual role in cancer biology.  Depending on local signaling cues, they can polarize into  either pro-inflammatory, anti-tumoral M1-like macrophages or anti-inflammatory, pro-tumoral M2-like macrophages. The predominance of M2-like TAMs in most tumors contributes to immune suppression, angiogenesis, tumor progression, and therapeutic resistance. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms underlying TAM polarization, the functional consequences of TAM heterogeneity, and the latest therapeutic strategies aimed at depleting, reprogramming, or modulating TAM recruitment. By understanding and manipulating TAM polarization, new avenues for cancer immunotherapy and combi- nation treatment strategies can be developed, offering promise for more effective and personalized cancer care.